Effect of Color and Surface Roughness of Glass Ionomer Cements Submitted to Solutions Based on Ilex paraguariensis

ABSTRACT: The present study analyzed the color change (DE) and surface roughness (Ra) of glass ionomer cements (GICs) subjected to typical herbaceous South American beverage action - Ilex paraguariensis. 90 specimens (n = 10) were made: M1 - GIC Riva Light Cure® (SDI); M2 - GIC Riva Self Cure® (SDI); M3 - GIC Vitremer® (3M ESPE). After light curing/ polymerization of GICs, specimens were divided for being submitted to solutions for one hour a day for 21 days: S1 - Yerba Mate Pajarito Traditional (Pajarito); S2 - Erva Mate Chimarrão (Barão de Cotegipe); S3 - Water (control). Four DE and Ra readings were taken: T0 - initial; T1 - 7 days; T2 - 14 days and T3 - 21 days, with a spectrophotometer and a roughness meter respectively. The obtained data were submitted to ANOVA statistical analysis and Bonferroni. S1 and S2 at T1 and T2 there was no statistical difference between the materials, and at T3 Materials M1=M2, M1=M3, and M2>M3. For S3 at T1, T2 and T3 there was no difference between the materials. Analyzing surface roughness, there was no statistical significance. Concluded that all materials changed color with greater influence of time, but without changing surface roughness.

RESUMEN: En el presente estudio se analizó el cambio de color (DE) y la rugosidad superficial (Ra) de los cementos ionómero de vidrio (CIV) sometidos a la acción típica de las bebidas herbáceas sudamericanas - Ilex paraguariensis. Se realizaron 90 especímenes (n = 10): M1 - GIC Riva Light Cure® (SDI); M2 - GIC Riva Self Cure® (SDI); M3 - GIC Vitremer® (3M ESPE). Después de la fotopolimerización/ polimerización de los CIV, los especímenes se dividieron y fueron sometidos a soluciones durante una hora al día durante 21 días: S1 - Yerba Mate Pajarito Tradicional (Pajarito); S2 - Erva Mate Chimarrão (Barão de Cotegipe); S3 - Agua (control). Se tomaron cuatro lecturas de DE y Ra: T0 - inicial; T1 - 7 días; T2 - 14 días y T3 - 21 días, con espectrofotómetro y rugosímetro respectivamente. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico ANOVA y Bonferroni. S1 y S2 en T1 y T2 no hubo diferencia estadística entre los materiales y en T3 Materiales M1=M2, M1=M3 y M2>M3. Para S3 en T1, T2 y T3 no hubo diferencia entre los materiales. Al analizar la rugosidad de la superficie, no hubo significación estadística. En conclusion, todos los materiales cambiaron de color con mayor influencia del tiempo, pero sin cambiar la rugosidad de la superficie.

Consumption of mate Ilex paraguariensis: a folk beverage with antioxidant power against myocardial ischemic injury

The effects of the aqueous extract of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip)and the flavonoid quercetin were tested during the induction of in vivomyocardial ischemia/ reperfusion in Rattus norvegicus. The antioxidant power of the extract and quercetin were chemically determined. The experimental groups were: control, ischemia/reperfusion induction, Iporal treatment, Iporal treatment and ischemia /reperfusion, quercetin oral treatment, and quercetin oral treatment and ischemia/reperfusion. Rats were anesthetized with sodium thiopental and xylazine via intraperitoneal injection and subsequently underwent 15 minutes of ischemia followed by 15 minutes of reperfusion. Ischemia was promoted by tying the left anterior descending coronary artery. Areas of risk and infarction were stained by intravenous Evans blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant capacity against peroxylradicals, and lipid peroxidation of the myocardium were quantified. A significant reduction in areas of risk and infarction was detected in the ischemic myocardium treated with Ipand quercetin; ROS generation and lipid peroxidation were significantly reduced, and the antioxidant capacity was elevated. Oral administration of Ippromoted antioxidant benefits in the myocardium during ischemia and reperfusion, which reduced infarction. We suggest that Mate (a hot drink made from steeped dried leaves of Ip) consumption is a potential cardioprotective habit of indigenous people from southern South American countries, which must be better understood scientifically and ethnographically.

Elevated Iron Chelating Activity of Ilex paraguariensis Leaf Infusion: in vitro and in vivo Pilot Studies

Abstract This study presents an Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion with important potential as natural iron-chelating. The impact of infusion time and the water volume to obtain an Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion with high phenolic content and iron chelating activity, such as the stability of these proprieties in the storage time and temperature (immediately and after 24 h at 8 and 25 (C) were assessed. The acute consumption effect of this infusion to reduce iron absorption in vivo was also evaluated. A preliminary crossover trial with volunteers that ingested a meal containing non-haem iron (11.4 mg) with the treatments: Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion with the highest phenolic content and iron chelating activity (200 mL) or control (200 mL water). Blood samples were withdrawn before and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after the meal for serum iron measurement. The highest phenolic content (18.1 mg/mL) and iron chelating activity ((100%) were observed for 10 min infusion time using 30 g leaves/300 mL water. Storage at 8 or 25 (C for 24 h decreased total phenolics and di-caffeoylquinic acids by 23.5% and 25.5%, respectively (p< 0.05), without affecting the iron-chelating activity due to a saturating chelating effect at 3.34 mg/mL phenolic content. Inhibition of the iron absorption in vivo by infusion was 78% considering the iron recovery at peak maximum. The in vitro and preliminary in vivo results showed a functional property of the Ilex paraguariensis leaf infusion that may be useful for adjuvant management of iron overload diseases.

Morphophysiological characterization of Ceratocystis fimbriata isolates from yerba mate / Caracterização morfofisiológica de isolados de Ceratocystis fimbriata de erva-mate

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to morphologically characterize the isolates of Ceratocystis fimbriata from yerba mate and to evaluate the effect of culture medium and temperature on mycelial growth and sporulation of C. fimbriata. For the morphological characterization of the 11 monosporic isolates of the fungus, slides were prepared to determine the dimensions of the sexual and asexual structures of the fungus. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the mycelial growth and to evaluate the sporulation of C. fimbriata in different culture mediums and temperatures. The isolates of C. fimbriata from yerba mate showed perithecia with brown to black necks, divergent ostiolar hyphae, hatshaped hyaline ascospores, single-celled, cylindrical endoconidia, and globular to ovoid aleurioconidia. PDA and V8-agar media showed the highest mycelial growth. The average optimum temperature for mycelial growth and sporulation of isolates of C. fimbriata of yerba mate were 22.5 and 22.4 ºC, respectively.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar morfologicamente os isolados de Ceratocystis fimbriata e avaliar o efeito do meio de cultura e da temperatura no crescimento micelial e na esporulação de C. fimbriata. Para a caracterização morfológica dos 11 isolados monospóricos do fungo foram preparadas lâminas para determinar as dimensões das estruturas sexuadas e assexuadas do fungo. Quatro experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar o crescimento micelial e esporulação of C. fimbriata em diferentes meios de culturae temperaturas. Os isolados de C. fimbriata de erva-mate apresentaram peritécios com pescoço de marrom a preto, hifa ostiolar divergente, ascósporos hialinos em formato de chapéu, endoconídios unicelulares, cilíndricos, e aleuroconídios com formato globoso a ovoide. Os meios de cultura PDA e V8-ágar apresentaram os maiores crescimentos miceliais. A temperatura ótima média para crescimento micelial e esporulação dos isolados de C. fimbriata de erva-mate foram de 22,5 e 22,4 ºC, respectivamente.

How do clonal plantlets of mate respond to different substrate compositions and shading levels? / Como as mudas clonais de erva-mate respondem a diferentes composições de substrato e níveis de sombreamento?

Mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) is an arboreal species of great economic and socio-environmental importance in South American countries. This specie presents several difficulties during seminal propagation, and studies related to plantlet production by vegetative propagation are fundamental for obtaining homogenous mate plantations with high leaf productivity. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of substrate and shading levels on the morphophysiological quality of mate plantlets produced by mini-cuttings. Rooted mini-cuttings of four mate clones were cultivated on commercial substrate, subsurface soil and vermiculite (2:1:1 v/v/v), commercial substrate and subsurface soil (2:1 v/v) or subsurface soil, cattle manure and carbonized rice hulls (2:1:1 v/v/v). After 120 days, the plantlets were randomly distributed on benches to evaluate the effects of 50 and 80% shading screens. Regardless of the clone, the commercial substrate and subsurface soil composition allowed plantlet production with satisfactory development of both aerial part and root system at 120 days of cultivation. Clone 06SM17 produced plantlets with high averages of stem diameter, shoot height, number of leaves, total length, surface area, total volume of roots, and number of root tips. Both shade levels resulted in similar stem diameters, shoot heights, numbers of leaves, and a, b, and total chlorophyll indices. Clonal mate plantlets with satisfactory morphophysiological quality are produced in commercial substrate and subsurface soil (2:1 v/v) under 50 and 80% shading.

A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) é espécie arbórea de grande importância econômica e socioambiental para os países da América do Sul, que apresenta diversas dificuldades de propagação utilizando sementes, sendo os estudos relacionados à produção de mudas dessa espécie por propagação vegetativa fundamentais para a obtenção de ervais homogêneos e com alta produtividade foliar. Diante desse contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito das composições de substratos e dos níveis de sombreamento na qualidade morfofisiológica das mudas de erva-mate produzidas por miniestaquia. Miniestacas enraizadas de quatro clones foram cultivadas em substrato comercial, solo de subsolo e vermiculita (2:1:1 v/v/v), substrato comercial e solo de subsolo (2:1 v/v) ou solo de subsolo, esterco bovino e casca de arroz carbonizada (2:1:1 v/v/v). Após 120 dias, as mudas foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em bancadas para avaliar o efeito do sombreamento de 50 e 80%. Independentemente do clone, a composição substrato comercial e solo de subsolo permitiu a produção de mudas com desenvolvimento satisfatório tanto da parte aérea, quanto do sistema radicular aos 120 dias de cultivo. O clone 06SM17 possibilitou a produção de mudas com altas médias de diâmetros de colo, altura da parte aérea, número de folhas, comprimento total, área superficial, volume total de raízes e número de extremidades das raízes. Os níveis de sombreamento não afetaram o diâmetro de colo, a altura da parte aérea, o número de folhas e os índices de clorofila a, b e total. Mudas clonais de erva-mate com satisfatória qualidade morfofisiológica podem ser produzidas em substrato comercial e solo de subsolo (2:1 v/v) em ambiente com 50% ou 80% sombreamento.

The anti-obesity potential of Ilex paraguariensis: results from a meta-analysis

The dried leaves of Ilex paraguariensis, also known as yerba mate or chimarrão, are used to produce infusions consumed by over 1 million people worldwide, being a traditional drink in several South American countries, particularly, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The positive effects of I. paraguariensis in obesity have been described and observed in some clinical trials both in animals and in humans. The main goal of this work was to perform a systematic review, complying with the PRISMA (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) recommendations, followed by a meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA), to summarize the results of the recent clinical trials, clarifying the anti-obesity potential of I. paraguariensis. The search for this systematic review was performed on several electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO and Cochrane Library) in July 2017. A total of 22 clinical trials were considered for the quantitative synthesis of the data, totalizing 726 patients enrolled. In conclusion, this systematic review demonstrated the positive effects of I. paraguariensis consumption on the reduction of body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference of patients, showing its anti-obesity potential.

Plant growth, nutrients and potentially toxic elements in leaves of yerba mate clones in response to phosphorus in acid soils

ABSTRACT Native to subtropical region of South America, yerba mate is responsive to P under some conditions, but the degree of influence of genetic and soil on the growth and composition of the leaf is unknown. The aim of study was to evaluate plant growth, nutrients and potentially toxic elements in leaves of yerba mate clones in response to P application in acid soils. In greenhouse condition, two yerba mate clone seedlings were grown (210 days) in pots, each clone in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme (with and without P; four acid soils). The elemental composition of leaves and the growth of plants were determined. Phosphorus promoted plant growth, but this was not accompanied by increased P in leaf tissue in all conditions tested. The P effect on the elemental composition varied: decrease/null (N, K, Mg, Mn, Cu, Ni, B, Mo, Al, Cd); increase/null (C/N, C, Ca, Fe, V); increase/decrease/null (Zn, Ba, Pb) and; null (Cr). The soils affect the elemental composition of the leaves, especially Mn, with accumulation greater than 1000 mg kg-1. The Ba, Pb, Al and Zn in the leaves varied among clones. Yerba mate response to P was affected by edaphic and plant factors.

Evaluation of the Redox State of Wistar Rats Submitted to High-Fat Diet Supplemented With Infusion of Ilex paraguariensis

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ilex paraguariensis infusion on redox state of Wistar rats submitted to high-fat and standard diet. Glutathione determination and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus tissues and liver was performed, as well as the analysis of gene expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results from hippocampus showed that the groups fed with standard diet exhibited significant reduction of lipid peroxidation when supplemented with Ilex paraguariensis. The analysis from glutathione determination in the hippocampus showed a significant increase in glutathione activity in the group treated with high-fat diet and Ilex paraguariensis. In the liver, results showed no significant difference in both glutatione and lipid peroxidation analisys. Gene expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase showed that there was significant difference in the groups treated with high-fat diet and Ilex paraguariensis. In summary, the Ilex paraguariensis showed substantial potential for antioxidant activities.

Protective effect of yerba mate intake on the cardiovascular system: a post hoc analysis study in postmenopausal women

The prevalence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases is increased in postmenopausal women, which contributes to the burden of illnesses in this period of life. Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a native bush from Southern South America. Its leaves are rich in phenolic components, which may have antioxidant, vasodilating, hypocholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic proprieties. This post hoc analysis of the case-control study nested in the Obesity and Bone Fracture Cohort evaluated the consumption of yerba mate and the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary diseases in postmenopausal women. Ninety-five postmenopausal women were included in this analysis. A questionnaire was applied to evaluate the risk factors and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and consumption of yerba mate infusion. Student's t-test and chi-square test were used to assess significant differences between groups. The group that consumed more than 1 L/day of mate infusion had significantly fewer diagnoses of coronary disease, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (P<0.049, P<0.048, and P<0.016, respectively). Furthermore, the serum levels of glucose were lower in the group with a higher consumption of yerba mate infusion (P<0.013). The serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides were similar between the groups. This pragmatic study points out the benefits of yerba mate consumption for the cardiovascular and metabolic systems. The ingestion of more than 1 L/day of mate infusion was associated with fewer self-reported cardiovascular diseases and lower serum levels of glucose. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the association between yerba mate infusion and reduction of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.

Efecto agudo del consumo de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) sobre el ritmo cardíaco en pacientes derivados para estudio Holter / Acute effect of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption on heart rhythm in patients referred for Holter study

Resumen Introducción: El consumo de yerba mate (YM) (Ilex paraguariensis) es común en Sudamérica y se extiende a todo el mundo. Contiene muchas sustancias bioactivas que pueden ser beneficiosas. También existe la opinión de que puede tener efectos nocivos sobre el ritmo cardíaco, pero no encontramos investigaciones al respecto. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el efecto agudo de YM sobre el ritmo, en pacientes enviados para realizar un Holter. Método: Realizamos un estudio clínico seudoexperimental, de tipo antes y después. Tomamos 50 pacientes consumidores habituales de YM y se les realizó un Holter tomando YM y otro luego de 24 sin consumir. También se controló el uso de otros productos que pudieran interferir. Resultados: El 52% fueron mujeres y la edad, de 55 ± 15 años. El 78% tenía al menos un factor de riesgo vascular, el 44% cardiopatía estructural y el 90% tomaba medicación cardiovascular. La frecuencia cardíaca (FC) con y sin YM fue similar. Solo la FC mínima horaria fue menor tomando YM (61 ± 10 vs. 63 ± 9, p = 0.021). No hubo diferencia significativa en la incidencia de arritmias sostenidas, no sostenidas ni en la extrasistolia ventricular. El total de extrasístoles supraventriculares fue mayor sin YM (952 ± 3,538 vs. 1,294 ± 5,201, p = 0.014) y la cantidad máxima horaria también (86 ± 302 vs. 107 ± 360, p = 0.032). No hubo diferencia en la variabilidad de la FC. Conclusiones: En pacientes cardiológicos tomadores de YM, su consumo de la forma habitual no se asoció con cambios importantes de la FC ni con un aumento en la incidencia de arritmias. Hubo menos actividad ectópica supraventricular.

Abstract Introduction: The consumption of yerba mate (YM) (Ilex paraguariensis) is common in South America and is now used all over the world. It contains many bioactive substances that can be beneficial. There is also the opinion that it may have harmful effects on heart rhythm, but no studies have been found on this. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of YM on heart rhythm in patients referred for a Holter study. Method: A before and after pseudo-experimental clinical study was conducted by performing a Holter on 50 habitual users of YM, and another one after 24 without YM consumption. The use of other products that could interfere was also controlled. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 55 ± 15 years, and 52% were women. At least one vascular risk factor was found in 78%, with 44% structural heart disease, and 90% taking cardio- vascular medication. The heart rate (HR) with and without YM was similar. Only the minimum hourly HR was lower when taking YM (61 ± 10 vs. 63 ± 9, P = .021). There was no significant diffe- rence in the incidence of sustained or non-sustained arrhythmias, or in ventricular extrasystoles. The total number of supra-ventricular premature beats was higher without YM (952 ± 3,538 vs. 1,294 ± 5,201, P = .014) and also the maximum hourly (86 ± 302 vs. 107 ± 360, P = .032). There was no difference in HR variability. Conclusions: In cardiology patients, usual users of YM, habitual consumption was not associated with significant changes in HR or an increase in the incidence of arrhythmias. There was less ectopic supraventricular activity.

Analysis of radioprotection and antimutagenic effects of Ilex paraguariensis infusion and its component rutin

DNA repair pathways, cell cycle checkpoints, and redox protection systems are essential factors for securing genomic stability. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of Ilex paraguariensis (Ip) infusion and one of its polyphenolic components rutin on cellular and molecular damage induced by ionizing radiation. Ip is a beverage drank by most inhabitants of Argentina, Paraguay, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC7Klys 2-3) was used as the eukaryotic model. Exponentially growing cells were exposed to gamma rays (γ) in the presence or absence of Ip or rutin. The concentrations used simulated those found in the habitual infusion. Surviving fractions, mutation frequency, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) were determined after treatments. A significant increase in surviving fractions after gamma irradiation was observed following combined exposure to γ+R, or γ+Ip. Upon these concomitant treatments, mutation and DSB frequency decreased significantly. In the mutant strain deficient in MEC1, a significant increase in γ sensitivity and a low effect of rutin on γ-induced chromosomal fragmentation was observed. Results were interpreted in the framework of a model of interaction between radiation-induced free radicals, DNA repair pathways, and checkpoint controls, where the DNA damage that induced activation of MEC1 nodal point of the network could be modulated by Ip components including rutin. Furthermore, ionizing radiation-induced redox cascades can be interrupted by rutin potential and other protectors contained in Ip.

Purification Process of Polyphenols Group in Ilex paraguariensis Based on Fingerprint / 医药导报

Objective To study the optimum technological conditions of macroporous resin separation and purification of polyphenol composition. Methods Fingerprint of Ilex paraguariensis was established by HPLC method. The best resin, loading conditions and elution requirements were screened with chlorogenic acid and elution rate of total active constituents served as the index. Results The optimum technological conditions were as follows:the separation carrier was D101 macroporous resin,the concentration of the sample liquid was 0.10 g?mL-1 ,the resin adsorption quantity of crude drugs was 1.5 g?g-1 ,the impurity was removed by four times of amount of water at first,and then eluted with four times the amount of 70％ ethanol in a gradient manner.After purification,the elution rate of chlorogenic acid was up to 82.83％,and the elution rate of total effective component was about 72. 48％. The resemblance of HPLC fingerprint was over 0. 98, and the components were balancedly recoveried. Conclusion The purification process of total polyphenols in Ilex paraguariensis by D101 macroporous resin was simple,reliable,and can be used for large-scale production.

Aspectos nutricionales y fisioquímicos de Ilex Laurina Kunth (Aquifoliaceae): un estudio comparativo con Ilex paraguariensis / Nutricional and Physicochemical aspects of Ilex laurina Kunth (Aquifoliaceae): A Comparative Study with Ilex Paraguariensis

Resumen Antecedentes: la Ilex laurina K., planta colombiana cuya infusión presenta actividad antioxidante y antiproliferativa, pertenece al género del té de yerba mate. Objetivo: evaluar las propiedades nutricionales y fisicoquímicas de una infusión de hojas de Ilex laurina K. como potencial materia prima, alimento funcional y sustituyente del convencional té de mate Ilex paraguariensis. Materiales y métodos: análisis por HPLC de fitoquímicos y carbohidratos, solubilidad, medición de minerales por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y análisis sensorial. Resultados: en la infusión de Ilex laurina K. en comparación con la de Ilex paraguariensis se encontraron mayores concentraciones de ácido clorogénico (429,2±20,2 frente a47,4±1,9 mg/kg), de p-cumárico (47,3±2,4 versus 24,4±0,9 mg/kg), de metilxantinas (1,4-1,8 veces), hierro, cobre y zinc, y similares de ácido cafeico (52,6±18,8 versus 47,4±1,9 mg/L) (p>0,05). Se detectaron ácido ferúlico (21,5±1,6 mg/L) y fructosa (0,4±0,003 g/L), mientras en la de Ilex paraguariensis se encontró glucosa (0,8±0,007 g/L) y mayores concentraciones de magnesio y manganeso (p<0,05). La infusión de Ilex laurina K. fue aceptada por el 64 % de los consumidores, independiente del sexo; así como el color (51 %), olor (47 %), sabor (42 %) y dulzor (47 %). Conclusiones: la infusión de Ilex laurina K. además de tener buena aceptación contiene mayor cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, metilxantinas, hierro, cobre, zinc y fructosa que la de Ilex paraguariensis; y menor aporte de glucosa, magnesio y manganeso.

Abstract Background: Ilex laurina K., a Colombian plant whose infusion presents antioxidant and antiproliferative properties, belongs to a species of Yerba Mate tea. Objective: Evaluate the nutritional and physiochemical properties of an infusion using Ilex laurina K. leaves as a potential raw material, functional food and substitute for the conventional Ilex paraguariensis tea. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional and physiochemical properties of an infusion using Ilex laurina K. leaves as a potential raw material, functional food and substitute for the conventional Ilex paraguariensis tea. Materials and Methods: Phytochemicals and carbohydrates by HPLC analysis, solubility, mineral measurement using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and sensorial analysis. Results: The Ilex laurina K. infusión compared with Ilex paraguariensis infusion found higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid (429.2 ± 20.2 versus 47.4 ± 1.9 mg / kg), p-coumaric (47.3 ± 2.4 versus 24.4 ± 0.9 mg / kg), xanthines (1.4-1.8 times), iron, copper, zinc, and the likes of caffeic acid (52.6 ± 18.8 versus 47.4 ± 1.9 mg / L) (p> 0.05). Ferulic acid (21.5 ± 1.6 mg / L) and fructose (0.4 ± 0.003 g / L) were detected, while glucose (0.8 ± 0.007 g / L) and higher concentrations of magnesium and manganese (p<0.05) we found in the Ilex paraguariensis. Ilex laurina K. infusion was accepted by 64% of consumers, regardless of gender; and respective acceptability of the following characteristics: color (51%), smell (47%), flavor (42%) and sweetness (47%). Conclusions: Ilex laurina K. infusion is well accepted by consumers, and contains a higher concentration of phenol compounds, xanthines, iron, copper, zinc and fructose than Ilex paraguariensis infusion, and contributes less glucose, magnesium and manganese.

Tratamiento de la obesidad con productos naturales / Treatment of obesity with natural products

Los crecientes índices de obesidad alrededor del mundo, provocados principalmente por los excesos en la ingesta y la vida sedentaria, constituye uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública en nuestras sociedades. Entre otras formas como dietas y tratamientos que surgen cada día para combatir la obesidad, el uso de plantas medicinales conocido como fitoterapia, ha despertado gran interés. Existen ciertas plantas que poseen propiedades adelgazantes, sin embargo, lo mejor es ponerse en manos de especialistas en este campo, para recibir una correcta asesoría de acuerdo a las necesidades personales. Las plantas medicinales y los productos que de ellas se obtienen, constituyen remedios eficaces para combatir la obesidad, pues no tienen efectos adversos. No obstante el tratamiento debe combinarse con un cambio de hábitos alimentarios y actividad física y no conviene utilizarlos irresponsablemente, pues no todos tienen los mismos beneficios y efectos. La eficacia de la aplicación de plantas con la finalidad de bajar de peso ha sido comprobada en numerosos ensayos clínicos que se han realizado con determinadas especies vegetales. Las plantas medicinales se han utilizado tradicionalmente en forma de infusión, sin embargo esta forma de administración no permite controlar efectivamente las dosis administradas, por lo que es preferible hacerlo en preparados como cápsulas o comprimidos. Cada planta deberá administrarse de una manera específica y es importante que los preparados se tomen siempre en el mismo horario para potenciar su efectividad.

Efecto de la yerba mate (ilex paraguariensis) sobre el hueso de ratas ovariectomizadas / Effect of yerba mate (ilex paraguariensis) on bone in ovariectomized rats

El consumo de yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) es habitual en la Argentina y otros países de América del Sur. La yerba mate, al igual que el café y el té, contiene xantinas y polifenoles. El consumo de café ha mostrado tener impacto negativo sobre la densidad mineral ósea (DMO), mientras que el té ha mostrado tener efecto protector. En mujeres posmenopáusicas tomadoras de mate se halló mayor DMO de columna lumbar y cuello femoral en comparación con controles que no bebían mate. La DMO también fue mayor en ratas que recibieron una infusión de yerba mate y dieta baja en calcio; sin embargo, este incremento no fue capaz de revertir el efecto negativo del bajo contenido de calcio sobre las propiedades biomecánicas y la conectividad trabecular. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el tejido óseo de ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX) luego de recibir una infusión de yerba mate por 90 días en reemplazo del agua de bebida. Se utilizaron ratas Sprague Dawley (n=16) hembras divididas en 2 grupos: OVX+agua y OVX+yerba. Otro grupo de ratas (n=6) fue sometido a una cirugía simulada (Sham). El estudio mostró claramente el efecto deletéreo de la ovariectomía sobre todos los parámetros estudiados (DMO, histomorfometría ósea, conectividad trabecular y biomecánica) respecto del grupo Sham. El grupo OVX+yerba no mostró diferencias con el grupo OVX+agua en ninguno de los parámetros analizados, por lo que la yerba mate no produciría efecto alguno sobre el hueso de ratas adultas ovariectomizadas. (AU)

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) consumption is common in Argentina and other South American countries. Like coffee and tea, yerba mate contains xanthines and polyphenols. It has been reported that caffeine consumption has a negative impact on bone mineral density (BMD) while tea has been shown to have a protective effect. On the other hand, in postmenopausal women that usually consumed yerba mate, lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDs were higher than in non-consumers. BMD was also higher in rats that received a yerba mate infusion and low calcium diet. However, this increase was not sufficient to reverse the negative effect of a low calcium diet on bone biomechanical properties and trabecular connectivity. The aim of this work was to study bone tissue in ovariectomized (OVX) rats receiving an infusion of yerba mate instead of drinking water for 90 days. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n=16) were divided into 2 groups: OVX+water and OVX+yerba. A third group of rats (n=6) was submitted to sham surgery (Sham). Results clearly showed the deleterious effect of ovariectomy on all studied parameters (BMD, bone histomorphometry, trabecular connectivity and biomechanical properties) compared to Sham group. The OVX+yerba group showed no difference with OVX+water group in all analyzed parameters. It is concluded that yerba mate does not produce any effect on the bone of ovariectomized adult rats. (AU)

Substâncias fenólicas, flavonoides e capacidade antioxidante em erveiras sob diferentes coberturas do solo e sombreamentos / Phenolic Substances, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Capacity in Herbs under Different Soil Covers and Shadings

RESUMO Objetivou neste trabalho analisar a concentração de polifenóis totais, flavonoides e capacidade antioxidantes por meio dos métodos ABTS e FRAP, em erveiras jovens cultivadas em solo coberto e com sombreamento. Mudas de erva-mate foram submetidas aos tratamentos com solos cobertos e desnudos em sombreamentos de 0, 18, 35 e 50%, após sete e onze meses de cultivo, verão e outono, respectivamente. Foram coletadas folhas maduras para realização dos extratos utilizados para as análises de compostos fenólicos por meio da reação de oxirredução com reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu, flavonoides por método colorimétrico e capacidade antioxidante por frente ao radical ABTS e poder de redução do ferro (FRAP). O teor de compostos fenólicos foi maior nos tratamentos com 35% de sombreamento em comparação ao grupo dos flavonoides e capacidade antioxidante, o que foi demonstrado pela correlação do sombreamento com estes parametros. No método FRAP a maior correlação demonstra que o outono é a melhor época de colheita por apresentar maior concentração de compostos fitoquímicos. Ficou evidente a influência positiva dos sombreamentos (35 e 50%) no teor de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides relacionados à capacidade antioxidante e à qualidade da erva-mate para atender ao mercado consumidor.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the concentration of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, by the methods ABTS and FRAP, in young herbs grown in covered and shaded soil. Yerba mate seedlings were subjected to treatment with bare and covered soils in shadings of 0, 18, 35, and 50%, after seven and eleven months cultivation, summer and fall, respectively. Mature leaves were collected to perform the analyses of phenolic compounds by redox reaction with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, of flavonoids by colorimetric method, and of antioxidant capacity by ABTS radical and FRAP (iron reduction method). The content of phenolic compounds was higher in the treatments with 35% shading in correlation with the group of flavonoids and antioxidant capacity. In the FRAP method, the higher correlation shows that autumn is the best time to harvest because of the higher concentration of phytochemical compounds. The positive influence of shading (35 and 50%) was evident in the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids related to antioxidant capacity and better quality of yerba mate to meet the consumer market.

Recent advances in the bioactive properties of yerba mate

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) is a perennial shrub of Aquifoliaceae family that grows naturally in South America and is cultivated in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The aim of this review is to summarize concisely recent advances published in the last 4 years on the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and antimutagenic activities of yerba mate. For this, a search was made in some of the databases on the web as PubMed, Google Scholar and Medline. There are several studies in the literature reporting the effects of yerba mate in the metabolic profile related to diabetes and obesity. Among the findings of the researches are the reduction of body weight, liver triglycerides and white adipose tissue. It also increases the levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 and leptin, reduces blood glucose and insulin resistance and contributes to a lower rate of growth of adipose tissue. Regarding the antioxidant properties, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and rutin are the compounds that contribute to the antioxidant activity. The aqueous extract also protects the red cells of hemolysis induced by hydrogen peroxide. In mutagenesis, researches suggest that dicaffeoylquinic acids in yerba mate could be potential anti-cancer agents. Saponins in leaves of yerba mate prevent the in?ammation and colon cancer in vitro. Already in skin cancer, oral and topic treatment of rats exposed at ultraviolet radiation with mate tea prevented the lipid peroxidation and DNA damage(AU)

La yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) es un arbusto perenne de la familia Aquifoliaceae, que crece naturalmente en Sudamérica y es cultivada en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay. Esta revisión se centró en las publicaciones de los últimos 4 años sobre las actividades antioxidante, antidiabética, antiobesidad y antimutagénicas de la yerba mate. Para esto, se efectuó una búsqueda en la que se utilizaron algunas de las bases de datos en la web como PubMed, Google Académico y Medline. Se investigaron los efectos de la yerba mate en el perfil metabólico relacionados con la diabetes y obesidad. Entre los hallazgos estuvieron la reducción del peso corporal, triglicéridos del hígado y tejido adiposo blanco. Con el consumo de la yerba mate se observó que los niveles del glucagon like peptide 1 y leptina aumentan, así como reducen la glucemia y resistencia a la insulina; contribuyendo a un menor crecimiento del tejido adiposo. El ácido clorogénico, ácido caféico y rutina contribuyen con la actividad antioxidante. El extracto acuoso protege a las células rojas de la hemólisis inducida por el peróxido de hidrógeno. En la mutagénesis, las investigaciones sugieren que los ácidos dicafeoilquínico en la yerba mate pueden ser agentes anticancerígenos potenciales. Las saponinas en las hojas previenen la inflamación y el cáncer de colon in vitro. En el cáncer de piel, el tratamiento oral y tópico de ratones expuestos a la radiación ultravioleta evitó la peroxidación lipídica y el daño del ADN(AU)

Dinâmica de produção e comercialização da erva-mate no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Dynamics of production and commercialization of yerba mate in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

A produção de erva-mate é uma das atividades não madeireiras que compõe o mercado agroflorestal brasileiro. No Rio Grande do Sul, este segmento é impulsionado pela tradição do consumo do chimarrão. Entretanto, nos últimos anos, observa-se que o estado gaúcho vem perdendo parcela significativa do mercado nacional, principalmente para o estado do Paraná. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo objetiva compreender a dinâmica produtiva e de comercialização deste produto, a partir da análise do comportamento dos preços pagos aos produtores rurais de erva-mate no Rio Grande do Sul, os preços diretos aos consumidores da erva-mate para chimarrão, além de dados estatísticos relacionados à produção de erva-mate. Evidencia-se que o modelo econométrico realizado para estimar o valor da erva-mate, embora indique a existência de associação linear positiva entre as variáveis dependente e independente, é considerado estatisticamente frágil. Ainda, cerca de 80% das variações no preço do quilograma da erva-mate no varejo de Porto Alegre são explicadas pelas variações no preço da arroba da erva-mate paga aos produtores rurais. Assim, reitera-se a necessidade de análises adicionais para identificar quais fatores exercem maior influência sobre o mercado da erva-mate, no contexto de expansão da demanda nacional e internacional.

The production of yerba mate is one of the non-lumberman forest activities that compose the Brazilian agroforestry market. In Rio Grande do Sul, this segment is propelled by tradition of mate consumption. However, in recent years, it is observed that Rio Grande do Sul state has been losing significant share of the domestic market, mainly to the state of Paraná. In this sense, this study aims to understand the dynamics of production and marketing of this product, from the analysis of the behavior of prices received by farmers of yerba mate in Rio Grande do Sul, prices direct to consumers of yerba mate as well as statistical data related to production of yerba mate. It is evident that the econometric model conducted to estimate the value of yerba mate, while indicating the existence of positive linear association between the dependent and independent variables, is considered statistically frail. Moreover, about 80% of the variations in the price of the kilogram of yerba mate in retail Porto Alegre are explained by variations in the price of the bushel of yerba mate paid to Rio Grande do Sul farmers. Thus, is reiterated the need for additional analyzes to identify the factors that have an influence on the market for yerba mate in the context of expansion of national and international demand.

Efeitos do chá mate (llex paraguariensis) na estrutura óssea de ratas na perimenopausa / Effects of mate tea (llex paraguariensis) in the bone structure of perimenopausal rats

Perimenopausa é um período marcado pela redução da densidade mineral óssea areal (aDMO) associada com um aumento do estresse oxidativo, e antioxidantes naturais têm sido utilizados como uma alternativa para reverter esta situação. Neste contexto, o presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos do chá mate (CM) (Ilex paraguariensis), uma bebida com alta capacidade antioxidante, no osso de ratas naturalmente perimenopausadas. Ratas Wistar perimenopausadas foram tratadas com CM na dose de 20 mg/kg de massa corpórea (m.c) durante quatro semanas e foram comparadas ao grupo não tratado. Grupo de ratas adultas foi investigado também, para confirmar os efeitos da perimenopausa. A atividade das enzimas fosfatase ácida resistente ao tartarato (TRAP) e fosfatase alcalina (FAL) foram investigados no plasma. Densidade mineral óssea areal (aDMO), área ocupada pelos adipócitos (AOA), número de osteócitos (N.Ot), volume ósseo trabecular (VTO) e imuno-histoquímica para superóxido dismutase (SOD2), osteoprotegerina (OPG), TRAP e ligante do receptor ativador do fator nuclear-kB (RANKL) foram avaliados no colo femoral. Peroxidação lipídica (MDA) e atividade da SOD foram determinadas em homogenato ósseo. O tratamento com CM foi capaz de atenuar a redução da aDMO, melhorar AOA, N.Ot e VTO. Estes resultados foram seguidos de redução de TRAP e de ALP no plasma e de MDA e SOD2 no osso. O CM minimiza o estresse oxidativo e a reabsorção óssea, atenuando assim a osteopenia de ratas na perimenopausa.

Perimenopause is a period marked by a reduction in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) associated with increased oxidative stress, and natural antioxidants have been used as an alternative to reverse this situation. In this context, the present study was to investigate the effects of mate tea (MT) (Ilex paraguariensis), a drink with high antioxidant capacity in the bone naturally perimenopausadas rats. Perimenopausadas Wistar rats were treated with MC at a dose of 20 mg / kg body mass (mc) for four weeks and compared with the untreated group. Group of adult rats was also investigated to confirm the effects of perimenopause. The activity of the enzyme tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were investigated in plasma. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) area occupied by adipocytes (AOA), number of osteocytes (N.Ot), trabecular bone volume (TBV) and immunohistochemistry for superoxide dismutase (SOD2), osteoprotegerin (OPG), TRAP and binder the receptor activator of the nuclear factor-kB (RANKL) were evaluated at the femoral neck. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) and SOD activity were determined in bone homogenates. Treatment with MT was able to attenuate the reduction of aBMD improve AOA N.Ot and TBV. These findings were followed by reduction of TRAP and ALP and plasma MDA and SOD2 in the bone. The MT minimizes oxidative stress and bone resorption, thereby attenuating the osteopenia of perimenopausal rats.

Storage of yerba maté in controlled atmosphere / Armazenamento de erva-mate em atmosfera controlada

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of controlled atmosphere in the change of color, chlorophyll degradation and phenolic compounds concentration in yerba maté thickly ground (“cancheada”) and thinly milled (“socada”). Yerba maté samples from the towns of Arvorezinha (RS - Brazil) and São Mateus do Sul (PR - Brazil) were stored in four levels of oxygen (1, 3, 6 and 20.9kPa of O2) and four levels of carbon dioxide (0, 3, 6 and 18kPa of CO2) and then were analyzed, after nine months of storage. According to the results, the O2 partial pressure reduction decreased the loss of green coloration, kept a higher content of chlorophylls and of total phenolic compounds. In relation to the different levels of CO2, a response as remarkable as O2 was not observed. The yerba maté that was thickly ground (“cancheada”) presented a better storage potential than the one thinly milled (“socada”) in the storage with O2 and with CO2. The 1kPa of O2 condition kept the yerba maté greener and with a higher content of chlorophylls and of total phenolic compounds after nine months of storage. The CO2 partial pressure kept the yerba maté coloration greener and with a higher content of chlorophylls and of total phenolic compounds, regardless of the level used, in the maté from both cultivation areas.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera controlada na alteração da cor, degradação da clorofila e concentração de compostos fenólicos em erva-mate cancheada e socada. Amostras de erva-mate provenientes de Arvorezinha (RS) e São Mateus do Sul (PR) foram armazenadas em quatro níveis de oxigênio (1, 3, 6 e 20,9kPa de O2) e quatro níveis de gás carbônico (0,3, 6 e 18kPa de CO2), as quais foram analisadas ao final de nove meses de armazenamento. Segundo os resultados, a redução das pressões parciais de O2 reduziu a perda da coloração verde, manteve maior teor de clorofilas e de compostos fenólicos totais. Em relação aos diferentes níveis de CO2, não se constatou uma resposta tão marcante como na de O2. Tanto no armazenamento com O2 como com CO2, a erva-mate cancheada apresentou melhor potencial de armazenamento do que a erva-mate socada. A condição com 1kPa de O2 manteve a erva-mate mais verde, maior teor de clorofilas e compostos fenólicos totais após 9 meses de armazenamento. A pressão parcial de CO2, independente do nível utilizado, mantém a coloração da erva-mate mais verde, maior teor de clorofilas e compostos fenólicos totais nas ervas provenientes dos dois locais de cultivo.